The 180 degree rule consists of an invisible line where the camera remains on the side of which ensures that the audience do not become disorientated or disconnected when the cut occurs and must not be crossed unless the filming is still on.
Parallel Editing/Crosscutting:
Parallel editing or crosscutting is essentially jumping continuously between two or more scenes that happen in different locations.
A director may opt to use use parallel editing in a film for instance the example given of the Godfather in order to throw the audience off in conjunction to the contrapuntal music, they are mislead to think that all is peaceful and jolly however are thrown and contradicted with the scenes of various people being shot in quite a gruesome way but in addition, the use of parallel editing in scenes is effective because it enables the widening of the understanding of the audience as to what is happening around them in terms of what they are presented which creates a sense of social interaction as they are able to discuss the scenes with friends or others.
Cutaways/Reaction shots:
A cutaway or reaction shot is a shot where there are constant cuts which result in continuous actions which is achieved by inserting a view of something else ie cutting to someone's reaction in the middle of an explosion. It is usually, although not always, followed by a cut back to the first shot, when the cutaway avoids a jump cut. The purpose of these cutaways allow the audience to gain a further understanding of how actors(characters) within a scene may react towards a previous actions or dialogue and I believe that this is an essential editing technique due to the act that it aids excitement and more tension being created.
Jumpcuts:
A jump-cut is defined as 'An abrupt break in the continuity of a scene created by editing out part of a shot or scene.' http://www.dictionary.com/browse/jump-cut. It was originally pioneered by the 'French New Wave' directors which is very common amongst them and the best example given of this form of editing technique is in the Jean-Luc Goddard movie 'Breathless' which is linked below. This form of editing often involves Jerky, Staggered footage which may prevent the action from flowing due to its abrupt nature however is very effective as helps to speed up and manipulate the use of space and time.
Shot-Reverse-Shot:
A Shot-Reverse-Shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character who are usually in a conversation with each-other or for example in a shootout, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. These shots are often very fluid between the characters therefore flow very easily.
Eye-Line Match:
'An eye-line match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing.' As defined in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeline_match. This is vital in showing conversations or actions between individuals. A good example of this is shown below in the film 'Star Wars'.
Match on Action/Continuity Editing:
Match on action or continuity editing is an editing technique for continuity editing in which one shot cuts to another shot portraying the action of the subject in the first shot in the sense that this form of editing is the most fluid of them all and almost always picks up from where it leaves off in terms of always keep the audience informed as to what as going on as well as making the film much more real,
Montage:
This editing technique is where a large amount of time is condensed, and this is done through the cuts and sometimes by using a series of events which have developed / led up to the final outcome. The example given in the Karate kid shows that it takes him to learn how to train to learn Karate however through the use of manipulation of time, it is speed up to basically 15 minutes when in essence we know that it probably took days or weeks, this way more scenes are added to show snippets day by day of the training rather than making the footage drag. This is also 'montage'.
Similarly, In the film The Matrix, The scene shows the Helipad Fight scene is a prime example of the manipulation of diegetic space and time in the scene. The effect of this is once again it enables the audience to understand the depth of the fight. I believe its more effective for a bullet to hit a victim in a slow motion as this shows the impact of the bullet hitting the person and also enables us to understand the extent of the injury where as the physicality of this scene such as the physical fights were more speed up in order to keep up with and creates an adrenaline rush which just keeps us as the audience wanting more and more actions as we are visually connected.
Transitions : Fade in/ Out
Fades are a type of transition in editing, fading in is where the screen gradually goes black and fades out again into the next scene. It is done for many reasons; for instance to show a development of something you may want to use a fade in and out, a past of time is also a reason for using this technique, or perhaps events that have happened in a film means you need to show the characters moving on by fading in and out to the next subject or next scene.
Dissolves:
Dissolves are a type of transition used in editing. A dissolves will occur between two scenes and is a soft 'dissolve' of the scene to the next, as an editing technique it is used quite commonly because of its purpose which is either to show a lapse of time or to introduce the next scene. The example below displays what a dissolve looks like. As the character walks away the dissolve happens when he leaves the room, and it dissolves into the next scene where we see a newspaper held by a man. The audience are benefiting from this technique because they aren't given an abrupt cut which is perhaps more of an aggressive way introducing the next shot. The director may choose to add this as an editing technique in order to allow for their audience to feel relaxed when watching the film, so that they're are led peacefully throughout each shot.
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